Who needs nature? The influence of employee speciesism on nature-based need satisfaction and subsequent work behavior.

Scholars have long upheld the notion that exposure to nature benefits individuals. Recently, organizational researchers have theorized that these benefits extend to the workplace, leading to calls for organizations to incorporate contact with nature into employees' jobs. However, it is unclear whether the effects of nature are strong enough to meaningfully impact employee performance, thereby justifying organizations' investments in them. In this research, we draw on self-determination theory to develop a theoretical model predicting that exposure to nature at work satisfies employees' psychological needs (i.e., needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence) and positively affects their subsequent task performance and prosocial behavior. In addition, we theorize that the effects of nature on need satisfaction are weaker in employees higher on speciesism (i.e., the belief that humans are superior to other forms of life). We test these predictions with a mixed-method approach comprised of an online experiment in the United States (Study 1), a field experiment in Hong Kong (Study 2), a multiwave, multisource field study in Taiwan (Study 3), and a multiwave, multisource field study (with objective performance scores) in New Zealand (Study 4). Overall, our findings largely support our theoretical model. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Os tênues limites entre o direito de viver e o direito de morrer: a perspectiva acadêmica, jurídica e bioética dos cuidados paliativos em animais de estimação / Els tènues límits entre el dret a viure i el dret a morir: la perspectiva acadèmica, legal i bioètica de les cures pal·liatives per a animal de compañía / Los tenues límites entre el derecho a vivir y el derecho a morir: la perspectiva académica, legal y bioética de los cuidados paliativos para animal de compañía / The tenuous limits between the right to live and the right to die: an academic, legal, and bioethics perspective of palliative care in pets

Os cuidados paliativos (CP) de animais de estimação constituem um tema emergente na Medicina Veterinária se caracterizando como uma alternativa terapêutica para a eutanásia precoce. Objetivou-se mapear a perspectiva, critérios, procedimentos e referenciais éticos e científicos dos CP e da eutanásia em animais de estimação, testando a hipótese de diferenças nas perspectivas da eutanásia e dos CP, bem como entre os cenários nacional e internacional. Para tal, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica integrativa da produção científica e um recorte de análise jurisprudencial a respeito dos reflexos jurídicos na atividade médico-veterinária. A revisão integrativa resultou em 535 artigos, dos quais 43 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, acrescida de 800 ementas, as quais 30% foram relativas a ações indenizatórias contra serviços e médicos veterinários. Os dados obtidos, sob o recorte proposto na pesquisa, permitiram caracterizar a abordagem científica dos CP e da eutanásia, bem como lançar trilhas interpretativas de como os aspectos funcionais e perspectivas de aplicação podem subsidiar as decisões da equipe médica veterinária e dos responsáveis pelos animais. Contudo, para superação das limitações e a consolidação das potencialidades dos CP se faz necessário um esforço multidimensional, incluindo a esfera normativa, técnica, social e ética.Vislumbra-se o acolhimento da questão nas pautas da Bioética sugerindo que seja performada no espaço multidisciplinar do Comitê de Bioética Hospitalar Veterinário, com intuito de auxiliar na deliberação de decisões conflituosas, considerando o direito de proporcionar uma vida digna ao animal e, consequentemente, mitigando vulnerabilidades comprometedoras do direito de viver e de morrer.(AU)

Los cuidados paliativos (CP) de las mascotas es un tema emergente en medicina veterinaria que constituye una alternativa terapéutica para la eutanasia temprana. Nuestro objetivo fue avaluar la perspectiva, los criterios, los procedimientos y las referencias éticas y científicas de los CP y la eutanasia en las mascotas, probando la hipótesis de las diferencias en las perspectivas de la eutanasia y los CP, así como entre los escenarios nacionales e internacionales. Con este fin, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica integradora de la producción científica y un recorte del análisis jurisprudencial de los reflejos legales en la actividad médica veterinaria. La revisión integradora dio como resultado 535 artículos, delos cuales 43 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, más 800 resúmenes de procesos, que el 30% estaban relacionados con acciones de indemnización contra servicios veterinarios y médicos. Los datos obtenidos, bajo el recorte propuesto en la investigación, se permiten caracterizar el enfoque científico de CP y eutanasia, así como lanzar senderos interpretativos de cómo los aspectos funcionales y las perspectivas de aplicación pueden subsidiar las decisiones del equipo médico veterinario y aquellos responsables de animales. Sin embargo, para superar las limitaciones y la consolidación de las potencialidades de CP, se requiere un esfuerzo multidimensional que incluya la esfera normativa, técnica, social y ética. Se vislumbra la recepción del problema en la agenda de la bioética, lo que sugiere que se realiza en el espacio multidisciplinario del Comité de Bioética del Hospital Veterinario para ayudar en la deliberación de las decisiones de conflicto considerando el derecho a proporcionar una vida digna al animal y, en consecuencia, mitigando las vulnerabilidades comprometedoras del derecho a vivir y morir.(AU)

Palliative care (PC) of pets is an emerging theme in veterinary medicine constituting a therapeutic alternative for early euthanasia. Our objective was to map of the perspective, criteria, procedures and ethical and scientific references of PC and euthanasia in pets, testing the hypothesis of differences in the perspectives of euthanasia and PC, as well as between the national and international scenarios. Thus, an integrative bibliographic review of scientific production and a cut of jurisprudential analysis of legal reflexes in veterinary medical activity was performed. The integrative review resulted in 535 articles, of which 43 complied with the inclusion criteria, agree with 800 actions, which 30% were related to indemnity actions against veterinary services. The data obtained,under the profile proposed in the research, allowed to characterize the scientific approach of PC and euthanasia, as well as launch interpretative trails of how functional aspects and prospects of application can subsidize the decisions of the veterinary medical team and those responsible for animals. However, to overcome the limitations and the consolidation of PC potentialities, a multidimensional effort is required including the normative, technical, social and ethical sphere. We discern the reception of the issue in the agenda of bioethics suggesting that it is performed in the multidisciplinary space of the veterinary hospital bioethics committee to assist in the deliberation of conflict decisions considering the right to provide a dignified life to the animal, and consequently, mitigating compromising vulnerabilities of the right to live and die.(AU)

'Vets must be strong advocates for animal rights'.

Steven McCulloch, European veterinary specialist in animal welfare science, ethics and law, argues that the veterinary profession must support animal rights, but not the abolition of animal use.

Responsible Consumption and Production in the Anthropocene: Animal Ethics and the Sustainable Development Goals / Consum i Producció Responsable a l'Antropocè: Ètica Animal i els Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible / Consumo y Producción Responsable en el Antropoceno: Ética Animal y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a call for action to governments, organizations and civil society, a call for addressing the environmental and social problems of the 21st century. However, the 2030 Agenda does not focus on animal ethics as one of the keys to addressing these critical issues. The different ethical approaches to the moral status of non-human animals justify the transition to plant-based diets, not only because of the ecological and geological consequences of animal-product consumption but also in accordance with the principles of justice. This work highlights the consequences of animal-product consumption in the Anthropocene. The human being has become a geological force: The Anthropocene is the new geological epoch triggered by human activity that replaces the Holocene. Its effects have a major impact on biodiversity, deforestation, water resources, climate and health. This paper explores the need to develop a normative criterion for technology use to protect the moral status of non-human animals: technological innovation should be focused on the development of animal source foods alternatives.(AU)

Los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) son un llamado a la acción para los gobiernos, organizaciones y sociedad civil; un llamamiento para abordar los problemas ambientales y sociales del siglo XXI. Sin embargo, la Agenda 2030 no se centra en la ética animal como una de las claves para tratar estos temas tan críticos. Los diferentes enfoques éticos sobre el estatus moral de los animales no-humanos justifican la transición hacia dietas basadas en alimentos vegetales, no solo por las consecuencias ecológicas y geológicas del consumo de productos animales, sino también en concordancia con los principios de justicia. Este trabajo pretende destacar las consecuencias del consumo de productos animales en el Antropoceno. El ser humano se ha convertido en una fuerza geológica: El Antropoceno es la nueva época geológica desencadenada por la actividad humana que reemplaza al Holoceno. Sus efectos tienen un gran impacto sobrela biodiversidad, la deforestación, los recursos hídricos, el clima y la salud. Las siguientes líneas exploran la necesidad de desarrollar un criterio normativo para el uso de la tecnología para proteger el estado moral de los animales no-humanos: la innovación tecnológica debe centrarse en el desarrollo de alternativas para los alimentos de origen animal.(AU)

Els Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible (ODS) són una crida a l'acció per als governs, les organitzacions i la societat civil; una crida per abordar els problemes ambientals i socials del segle XXI. Tot i això, l'Agenda 2030 no secentra en l'ètica animal com una de les claus per tractar aquests temes tan crítics. Els diferents enfocaments ètics sobre l'estatus moral dels animals no humans justifiquen la transició cap a dietes basades en aliments vegetals, no només per les conseqüències ecològiques i geològiques del consum de productes animals, sinó també en concordança amb els principis de justícia. Aquest treball pretén destacar les conseqüències del consum de productes animals a l'Antropocè. L'ésser humà ha esdevingut una força geològica: L'Antropocè és la nova època geològica desencadenada per l'activitat humana que reemplaça l'Holocè. Els seus efectes tenen un gran impacte sobre la biodiversitat, la desforestació, els recursos hídrics, el clima i la salut. Les línies següents exploren la necessitat de desenvolupar uncriteri normatiu per a l'ús de la tecnologia per protegir l'estat moral dels animals no humans: la innovació tecnològica s'ha de centrar en el desenvolupament d'alternatives per als aliments d'origen animal.(AU)

Speciesism in everyday language.

Speciesism, like other forms of prejudice, is thought to be underpinned by biased patterns of language use. Thus far, however, psychological science has primarily focused on how speciesism is reflected in individuals' thoughts as opposed to wider collective systems of meaning such as language. We present a large-scale quantitative test of speciesism by applying machine-learning methods (word embeddings) to billions of English words derived from conversation, film, books, and the Internet. We found evidence of anthropocentric speciesism: words denoting concern (vs. indifference) and value (vs. valueless) were more closely associated with words denoting humans compared to many other animals. We also found evidence of companion animal speciesism: the same words were more closely associated with words denoting companion animals compared to most other animals. The work describes speciesism as a pervasive collective phenomenon that is evident in a naturally occurring expression of human psychology - everyday language.

The Reification of Non-Human Animals.

This paper takes up Axel Honneth's suggestion that we, in the 21st century Western world, should revisit the Marxian idea of reification; unlike Honneth, however, this paper applies reification to the ways in which humans relate to non-human animals, particularly in the context of scientific experiments. Thinking about these practices through the lens of reification, the paper argues, yields a more helpful understanding of what is regarded as problematic in those practices than the standard animal rights approaches. The second part of the paper offers ways of overcoming reification that go beyond Honneth's idea of recognition by introducing Iris Murdoch's idea of attention. This proposed strategy makes the ethical relevance of reification more salient and makes it possible to counter reification through a practice such as attention which, unlike recognition, can be consciously established.

The relationship between attitudes to human rights and to animal rights is partially mediated by empathy.

Veganism has become increasingly popular in recent years in many countries including the UK and the USA. Studies have found that vegans tend to be female, lower in Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), and higher in feminist perspectives (FPS). Study 1 (n = 311) investigated the relationships among meat consumption, ethical veganism (using a custom-written scale), RWA, SDO, and FPS, in a series of questionnaires completed online. RWA, SDO, and meat consumption correlated together in one group of variables; FPS and ethical veganism correlated together in a distinct group. In Study 2 participants also completed the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) as a potential mediator variable. The relationship between RWA, SDO, and FPS as predictors, and ethical veganism as target, was partially mediated by empathy. This pattern of results suggests that individuals who hold egalitarian and inclusive views as regards human-human relationships also tend to have similar views as regards human-animal relationships, with empathy as an underlying common factor.

A Review of the Ethical Use of Animals in Functional Experimental Research in China Based on the "Four R" Principles of Reduction, Replacement, Refinement, and Responsibility.

Use of live laboratory animals is essential in the process of functional experimentation teaching. There are ethical problems, such as poor experimental environment, non-standard operation, and neglect of animal rights in experimental teaching. As an important basic course in life science education, functional experimentation should establish the correct ethics of use of laboratory animals. The welfare of laboratory animals has become one of the frontier directions of medical ethics research. The "4R" principle of animal welfare is based on the principles of reduction, replacement, refinement, and responsibility, which may provide a way to solve ethical problems in the teaching and research activities of functional experimentation. In addition to receiving relevant knowledge and education, laboratory animal practitioners and students in functional experimentation teaching should consciously abide by relevant regulations and rules and actively follow the "4R" principles. Animal ethics education is reflected in all teaching and research activities. Based on the principle of "4R" and the premise of guaranteeing teaching objectives, virtual simulation experiment teaching is a great supplement to functional experimentation. In teaching, medical ethics education should be strengthened to cultivate the consciousness of respecting the life of experimental animals, and awareness of laboratory animal ethics should be improved among teachers and students of functional experimentation to further promote ideological and political education in colleges and universities. This brief summary analyzes the general situation of animal ethics in functional experimentation in China based on the principle of "4R" and provides certain references and support for course teaching and training.

Biopolítica multiespécie: animais dóceis e matáveis / Biopolítica multiespècie: animals dòcils i matables / Biopolítica multispecie: animales dóciles y matables / Multispecies biopolitics: Docile and killable animals

Partint de conceptes proposats per Michel Foucault i Giorgio Agamben –com biopolítica, disciplina, sobirania i vida nua–, desenvolupem una discussió sobre els conflictes d'interessos existents en la relació humà-animal i apostem per la biopolítica com una de les seves claus de lectura. La hipòtesi és que les referències biopolítiques poden enriquir la discussió sobre les relacions humà-animal, l'ètica animal i la bioètica.A partir d'una revisió bibliogràfica exploratòria, plantegem diversos treballs que assenyalen que, d'una banda, la biopolítica no és una forma exclusiva de governar la vida humana, sinó que s'estén a tota una sèrie d'éssers vius: des de ratolins de laboratori fins a vaques lleteres. D'altra banda, si els animals estan immersos en el paradigma d'augmentar la vida, els seus cossos i vides també estan exposats al poder sobirà. Llavors tenim producció, administració i disciplina, però també tenim vida, sobirania i mort sense assassinat. Els animals fluctuen, almenys en algunes relacions, entre vides dòcils i vides que es poden matar.(AU)

A partir de conceitos propostos por M.Foucault e G.Agamben, tais como biopolítica, disciplina, soberania e vida nua, realizamos uma discussão sobre os conflitos de interesse existentes na relação humano-animais contemporâneas, e apostamos na biopolítica como uma de suas chaves de leitura. A hipótese é de que os referenciais biopolíticos podem enriquecer a discussão sobre as relações humano-animais, ética animal e bioética. A partir de uma revisão bibliográfica exploratória, levantamos diversas pesquisas que apontam que, por um lado, a biopolítica não é um modo de governo exclusivo da vida humana, e se estende, antes, a toda uma série de viventes: de camundongos de laboratório a vacas leiteiras; por outro, se os animais estão imersos no paradigma da majoração da vida, seus corpos e vidas também são expostos ao poder soberano. Portanto, temos produção, administração e disciplina, mas também temos vida nua, soberania e mortes sem assassinatos. Os animais flutuam, ao menos em algumas relações, entre vidas dóceis e vidas matáveis.(AU)

Partiendo de conceptos propuestos por M.Foucault y G.Agamben, como biopolítica, disciplina, soberanía y vida desnuda, realizamos una discusión sobre los conflictos de intereses existentes en la relación humano-animal, y apostamos por la biopolítica como una de sus claves de lectura. La hipótesis es que las referencias biopolíticas pueden enriquecer la discusión sobre las relaciones humano-animal, la ética animal y la bioética. A partir de una revisión bibliográfica exploratoria, planteamos varios trabajos que señalan que, por un lado, la biopolítica no es una forma exclusiva de gobernar la vida humana, sino que se extiende a toda una serie de seres vivos: desde ratones de laboratorio hasta vacas lecheras; por otro lado, si los animales están inmersos en el paradigma de aumentar la vida, sus cuerpos y vidas también están expuestos al poder soberano. Entonces tenemos producción, administración y disciplina, pero también tenemos vida, soberanía y muerte sin asesinato. Los animales fluctúan, al menos en algunas relaciones, entre vidas dóciles y vidas que se pueden matar.(AU)

Based on concepts proposed by M.Foucault and G.Agamben, such as biopolitics, discipline, sovereignty and naked life, we held a discussion about contemporaneous conflicts of interest present in human-animal relations and bet on biopolitics as one of its keys for reading. The hypothesis is that biopolitical references can enrich the discussion about human-animal relations, animal ethics and bioethics. From an exploratory bibliographic review, we raised several works that point out that, on the one hand, biopolitics is not a government exclusive of human life, and extends, rather, to a whole series of living beings: from laboratory mice to dairy cows; on the other hand, if animals are immersed in the paradigm of augmentation of life, of biopolitics, their bodies and lives are also exposed to sovereign power. Therefore, human-animal relations are constituted by production, administration, and discipline, but also bare life, sovereignty, and deaths without murder. Animals float, at least in some relationships, between docile land killable lives.(AU)

Animal rights, environment, or health? Effects of argument type and dissonance on the attitudes toward the consumption of animals.

The scientific literature and advocacy organisations highlight three harm-related arguments as paramount reasons for the reduction and cessation of the consumption of animal-derived products (ADP) - violence toward animals, damage to the environment, and human health. However, research on their comparative effects is scarce and there is no clear definition of which type of argument is the most effective in restricting ADP consumption. Based on cognitive dissonance theory, this study aimed to investigate the effects of these types of arguments on meat-eaters' attitudes and beliefs toward the propositions of reducing and ceasing ADP consumption. The study sample comprised 545 Brazilian adults. We adopted an experimental between-subjects design based on the presentation of vignettes. Each participant responded to one of the vignettes (animal rights, environmental, or health arguments) or a control condition. Results showed that greater levels of ADP-related dissonance provoked greater positive attitudes toward the reduction and cessation of ADP consumption. Compared to baseline, the animal rights and environmental messages significantly increased dissonance and positive attitudes toward ADP restriction, but not the health argument. Participants most frequently adopted the dissonance-management strategies of denial of responsibility, denial of harm, and the articulation of beliefs favourable to change. The discussion highlights that the different effects of social influence contexts and argument types depend on their capacity to reveal ADP consumption as morally problematic behaviour. To our knowledge, this is the first study to experimentally compare the effects of animal rights, environmental and health-related arguments in generating ADP-related dissonance and attitude change.

Germany weighs whether culling excess lab animals is a crime.

As prosecutors evaluate complaints from animal rights groups, labs try to reduce surplus.

Rats as pets: Predictors of adoption and surrender of pet rats (Rattus norvegicus domestica) in British Columbia, Canada.

Whereas much research has been conducted on rats in their roles as pests and laboratory animal models, little is known about rats in their role as companion animals. However, rats have become the third most common companion animal admitted to the British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (BC SPCA) shelter system after cats and dogs. This paper analyses 5 years of province-wide rat admission and outcome data (n = 3,392) at the BC SPCA. Most rats that entered BC SPCA shelters were white, sexually intact, and pups less than 6 months old. Rats were mostly relinquished by their owners, and the most common surrender reasons were due to owner-related issues and housing issues. Reasons for euthanasia were primarily poor health and neonatal age. A multiple linear regression model found that rats that were either senior, albino, unhealthy, seized by humane officers, or born onsite tended to stay longer in shelters (F[12, 1466] = 9.565, p < .001, adjusted R2 = .06). Time to adoption for albino rats was 79% longer than for white rats. These findings help us understand the preferences of rat adopters and why the rat-human relationship may fail. Results may also be useful to improve the quality of life for pet rats by identifying programs to reduce their length of stay in animal shelters. Finally, our study highlights new questions for welfare research in an understudied companion animal-the pet rat.

Animal Research that Respects Animal Rights: Extending Requirements for Research with Humans to Animals.

The purpose of this article is to show that animal rights are not necessarily at odds with the use of animals for research. If animals hold basic moral rights similar to those of humans, then we should consequently extend the ethical requirements guiding research with humans to research with animals. The article spells out how this can be done in practice by applying the seven requirements for ethical research with humans proposed by Ezekiel Emanuel, David Wendler, and Christine Grady to animal research. These requirements are (1) social value, (2) scientific validity, (3) independent review, (4) fair subject selection, (5) favorable risk-benefit ratio, (6) informed consent, and (7) respect for research subjects. In practice, this means that we must reform the practice of animal research to make it more similar to research with humans, rather than completely abolish the former. Indeed, if we ban animal research altogether, then we would also deprive animals of its potential benefits-which would be ethically problematic.

Explaining Animal Abuse Among Adolescents: The Role of Speciesism.

Animal abuse is considered a significant marker of violence towards humans, and understanding its determinants is important. In this first large-scale survey on adolescent animal abuse carried out in France, we introduced and tested the relative explanatory power of a new variable potentially involved in animal abuse: speciesism, defined as the belief that humans are intrinsically more valuable than individuals of other species. In a school sample composed of 12,344 participants aged 13-18 years, we observed that 7.3% of participants admitted having perpetrated animal abuse. Consistent with existing studies, cats and dogs were the animals most often abused. Animal abuse was a solitary behavior approximately half of the time, and in 25% of instances it involved only another person. A multivariate logistic regression revealed that animal abuse was more frequent among males and that it occurred more often among adolescents with less positive family climate, lower support from friends, lower attachment to school, and with higher anxio-depressive symptomatology. As implied by the generalized deviance hypothesis, animal abuse was related to more deviant behavior such as drunkenness and bullying. Moreover, this study showed for the first time that animal abuse was higher among adolescents who endorsed speciesist attitudes. These results suggest that beyond psychopathological factors, normative beliefs regarding the value of animals and their human use may also be involved in animal mistreatment.

VR outreach and meat reduction advocacy: The role of presence, empathic concern and speciesism in predicting meat reduction intentions.

The industrial farming and slaughtering of animals may be considered one of the most pressing ethical problems of our time, yet consumers remain empathically disconnected from food animals and continue to eat meat. Therefore, animal advocacy groups have started using virtual reality (VR) outreach to promote consumers' concern for food animals and persuade them to eat less meat. In this study, we examined whether a short 360° documentary depicting the life cycle of factory farmed pigs (from their lives on the farm to their death in the slaughterhouse) experienced in a VR format versus in a regular video format increases participants' intentions to eat less meat via an increased feeling of presence and empathic concern. Using a single factor experimental design, we randomly allocated participants (n = 84 after data-cleaning) to answer a questionnaire following one of both conditions (VR versus video documentary, each n = 42). Results confirmed our hypothesized serial mediation model; VR (versus video) had a positive influence on presence and additionally on empathic concern, leading to higher intentions of reduced meat consumption among participants. Yet, VR (versus video) also had a direct, negative effect on empathy when controlling for presence, so no total effect of medium format on intentions to reduce meat could be found. This counter-effect of VR on empathic concern could be explained by an increased level of speciesism among participants exposed to the VR (versus video) documentary, a finding that is consistent with prior literature on speciesism, cognitive dissonance and dissociation, and requires further confirmatory investigation. Limitations and implications for theory and practice of the study are considered.

Utilitarianism for animals, Kantianism for people? Harming animals and humans for the greater good.

Most people hold that it is wrong to sacrifice some humans to save a greater number of humans. Do people also think that it is wrong to sacrifice some animals to save a greater number of animals, or do they answer such questions about harm to animals by engaging in a utilitarian cost-benefit calculation? Across 10 studies (N = 4,662), using hypothetical and real-life sacrificial moral dilemmas, we found that participants considered it more permissible to harm a few animals to save a greater number of animals than to harm a few humans to save a greater number of humans. This was explained by a reduced general aversion to harm animals compared with humans, which was partly driven by participants perceiving animals to suffer less and to have lower cognitive capacity than humans. However, the effect persisted even in cases where animals were described as having greater suffering capacity and greater cognitive capacity than some humans, and even when participants felt more socially connected to animals than to humans. The reduced aversion to harming animals was thus also partly due to speciesism-the tendency to ascribe lower moral value to animals due to their species-membership alone. In sum, our studies show that deontological constraints against instrumental harm are not absolute but get weaker the less people morally value the respective entity. These constraints are strongest for humans, followed by dogs, chimpanzees, pigs, and finally inanimate objects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Families of Animal Rights Activists as a Basis of Support for Ideological Delinquency-A Phenomenological Study.

The presented study examined dynamics and perceptions among family members of ideologues lawbreaking animal rights activists. In the course of the study, parents and spouses of activists were interviewed, and its findings highlighted a number of key themes: glorification of the activist, an envy directed toward elements of the activism; personal gain acquired by virtue of the relationship, as well as self-discovery which family members experienced by their exposure to activism. By using Maruna's "redemption script" (2001), the study presents the manner by which perception of an activist as an idealist, leads his family members to construct a new narrative that qualifies transgressions based on ideology. The redemption script turns out to be bidirectional. Thus, while Maruna presented it as an aid for desisting delinquency, the study indicates that as far as it concerns breaking the law in favor of animals, it can mobilize family members to support all shades of activism.